EcoArkitekt

Posts Tagged ‘Sustainable Construction’

Introduction

The scope of the analysis made in this dissertation is part of the problem of conservation of energy in buildings and on the importance of rehabilitation of the building stock constructed. The design of rehabilitation of facades must adapt to local climatic conditions so as to minimize the energy consumption of the building, decreasing the negative impact on the environment and maintaining satisfactory levels of comfort for occupants.

In the European Union have been aware designers about the importance of sustainability in the building sector. One of the most effective strategies for sustainability is the renovation and re-use of existing buildings because this potentially involves a smaller environmental impact than the demolition and new construction, as example, less energy consumption and CO2 emissions and less depletion of natural resources (McNicholl, 1996). More, the old buildings are often historical references, cultural and social that offer an opportunity to learn construction techniques and materials truly sustainable, in buildings that survive and had a good performance for many decades or even centuries.

The promotion of energy efficiency in buildings, as a result of major concern with climate change, has been made for the determination of emission limits for greenhouse gases, to reduce the energy consumption and CO2 emissions.

The Portuguese Government has been implementing incentive programs, e.g. E4 Programmes and P3E, aimed at promoting energy efficiency and the development of endogenous energies in liaison with the European Union's objectives and concerns about climate change.

The average annual consumption of energy in the building sector in Portugal, According to data from the early 2000 (DGE), about 22% final energy consumption in the country. In big cities, where there is a greater concentration of population, This number rises to 36%, approaching the EU average, of 40%. The annual average consumption in the country have increased approximately 3,7% in the residential sector and 7,1% in the services sector, as CO2 emissions (DGE, 2000).DGE

With this research aims to analyze the environmental performance of rehabilitated facades in the Chiado area, and contribute to the development of passive design strategies for the rehabilitation of buildings in this area.

This integral zone of the historic centre of the city of Lisbon, most of the buildings date back to the background 1758 following the earthquake of 1755. The buildings in this area were over time have been repeatedly amended, constructions and reconstructions, resulting from the evolution of functional requirements.

Cage type facades are composed of a structure pombalina mixed masonry and wood, and the fenestration design follows a hierarchy of types of facades studied by the home team from scratch (during the implementation of the plan for the reconstruction of the downtown Lisbon after the earthquake of 1755). The three main types of facades, According to José Augusto France, follow the hierarchy of blocks and streets with changes at the level of detail of fenestration and decoration cantarias of facades, maintaining a hierarchy of rhythm and vain type on all facades (France, 1989).

In 1988, This zone has become a large-scale rehabilitation example, arising from a major fire which destroyed partially or totally 17 buildings. The detail plan made after the fire, designed by architect Álvaro Siza Vieira, involved efforts by the local authority, owners and users to retrieve a nerve centre of the city of Lisbon, a part of its history, culture and society.

The proposal prepared by Siza Vieira and by the Office of the Chiado in 1990, featured replacement of mixed wood and masonry structures by mixed concrete and masonry structures, where the masonry façade remain abroad, conserving the typologies of vain and the glazed area of facades.

In cases of total destruction of the facade, the proposal was his full reconstruction with contemporary materials and techniques, and with a drawing of the facade and typology of vain based on drawings of the elevations in the Lisbon Municipal archive.

Four case studies have been analysed in this zone, in buildings with scaffolding facade pombalina, with re-use of pre-existing façade and the total reconstruction of the facade. In the case studies were carried out physical measurements of temperature and natural lighting, and were simultaneously applied occupant surveys. Were also performed simulations of temperature and natural lighting from models of case studies, in order to be able to compare the environmental performance of different types of façade, passive design strategies and propose for the rehabilitation of the buildings in this area.

The Dissertation is divided into four parts. A first chapter where you want to insert the player into the historical relevance of the Chiado, through the description of its characteristics of urban space and architectural, and the importance of the design of the facades to the environmental performance.

The second chapter aims to analyze the climate of the region and its influence on urban space and the design of facades do Chiado, the level of environmental performance and passive design strategies.

The third chapter, where deepened the observations made in previous chapter, by analysing the results of a field work involving physical measurements, occupant surveys and software simulations.

The fourth chapter, where there is a summary of the results of the analysis, and if present the following recommendations in terms of passive design strategies.

Site selection

• Local little exposed to the wind, in particular to the winds in winter

• Locations with natural protection against the wind, as the slopes or sets of trees

• Not shaded by other buildings land

• Streets with little traffic

• Locations with access to public transportation

• Near the place of work, so you can save on car usage

• Near local trade

On-site integration

• Use outdoor paving which allows easy infiltration and water drainage

• Maintain green spaces to allow the evapotranspiration from soil

• Avoid the use of bituminous pavement

• Choose plants and trees which fall on site

House drawing

• Orient House with the larger south facade

• The divisions with the largest South-oriented utilization

• Shaded by exterior Windows, the South and mainly to the West

• Small Windows face North

• Avoid large areas of Windows

• A good natural lighting in all divisions of the House

• Windows on opposite walls of the House to allow cross ventilation

Construction of the House

• Prefer local source materials, as rocks and other

• Recycled source materials

• Environmentally certified materials

• Materials that may be renewable

• Don't forget that the materials have a limited lifetime and which will one day be replaced, Choose easy renovation solutions

• Woods of origin certified, usually originating from forests controlled

• Proper thermal insulation to the region, You can see the value in RCCTE

• Caixilharias and glass that promote the reduction of transmission of heat and cold

• Caixilharias to break down the House easily

• Isolation close to the ground with materials that do not apodreçam with humidity

• Light colours on the facade and coverage

• Avoid paints inside emitting VOC's (volatile organic compounds)

Equipment

• Lamps low consumption

• Lamps with regulation of light intensity

• Motion sensors in common areas of the building

• Energy efficient appliances and water

• Heating with equipment that uses renewable materials, as the wood or wood derivatives (biomass, pelletes)

• Cooling with ceiling fans and/or energy-efficient equipment

• Taps in which can be regulated the amount of water flow

• Thermostatic faucets, i. and. with choice of desired temperature

• Toilet cistern with a capacity of between 4 the 6 litres

• Tanks for rainwater utilisation for irrigation of green areas

Renewable energies

• Thermal solar collectors for water heating

• Photovoltaic solar collectors for micro-production of electricity

• Mini-turbines for micro-production of electricity

Waste

• Containers or deposits with separation of household waste

• Containers with utilization of organic waste in the production of fertilizer for green spaces

THE construction of buildings which simultaneously fulfils all the needs of the inhabitants while respecting the environment and natural resources of our planet is called sustainable construction. However the concept of sustainability in construction encompasses multiple values, such as the socio-cultural, Economic and environmental.

In sustainable construction becomes important knowledge of constructive traditions of the region in which the building falls, preserving the architectural cultural values and social region in the choice of materials and of the constructive system.

In the choice of materials the choice material for the region contributes to the reduction in embodied energy materials (the embodied energy is the energy spent in drilling, the manufacture and transport of materials) and promotes the local or regional economy. The choice of materials should be preferably natural or recycled materials, and possibly recyclable in the future.

In economic terms the investment option of a durable quality construction and energy efficient has lower costs of use. The management of building maintenance and integrated systems is important for reducing the cost of rehabilitating or building renovation, In addition to increasing its life cycle.

During the construction of the management of waste produced, your treatment and disposal are extremely important since the largest amount of waste is produced by the construction.

The evaluation of the building and space built can be done by voluntary Portuguese assessment Leads developed by Professor. Manuel Duarte Pinheiro (IST) like the international systems known as the BREEAM (England) and the LEED (USA).

Piscinas Biológicas

Foto in www.biopiscinas.pt